/* global List */
'use strict';

var WPMailSMTP = window.WPMailSMTP || {};
WPMailSMTP.Admin = WPMailSMTP.Admin || {};

/**
 * WP Mail SMTP Admin area Code Snippets module.
 *
 * @since 4.9.0
 */
WPMailSMTP.Admin.CodeSnippets = WPMailSMTP.Admin.CodeSnippets || ( function( document, window, $ ) {

	/**
	 * Public functions and properties.
	 *
	 * @since 4.9.0
	 *
	 * @type {object}
	 */
	var app = {

		/**
		 * List.js instance for the snippet grid.
		 *
		 * @since 4.9.0
		 *
		 * @type {object}
		 */
		snippetSearch: null,

		/**
		 * Start the engine. DOM is not ready yet, use only to init something.
		 *
		 * @since 4.9.0
		 */
		init: function() {

			$( app.ready );
		},

		/**
		 * DOM is fully loaded.
		 *
		 * @since 4.9.0
		 */
		ready: function() {

			app.snippetSearch = new List(
				'wp-mail-smtp-wpcode-snippets-list',
				{
					valueNames: [ 'wp-mail-smtp-wpcode-snippet-title' ],
				}
			);

			app.events();
		},

		/**
		 * Bind events.
		 *
		 * @since 4.9.0
		 */
		events: function() {

			// Fallback overlay button installs WPCode directly.
			$( '.wp-mail-smtp-wpcode-fallback-install-plugin' ).on( 'click', app.onFallbackInstallClick );

			// Card "Install Snippet" (WPCode absent) opens the install-plugin popup.
			$( '.wp-mail-smtp-wpcode-install-plugin' ).on( 'click', app.openInstallPluginPopup );

			// Card "Install Snippet" (WPCode installed but inactive) activates WPCode, then installs.
			$( '.wp-mail-smtp-wpcode-activate-plugin' ).on( 'click', app.onActivatePluginClick );

			// "View" opens the code-preview modal.
			$( '.wp-mail-smtp-wpcode-view-snippet' ).on( 'click', app.openViewSnippetModal );

			// Active-state "Install Snippet" shows an installing state before navigating to WPCode.
			$( '.wp-mail-smtp-wpcode-install-snippet' ).on( 'click', app.installSnippet );

			$( '#wp-mail-smtp-wpcode-snippet-search' ).on( 'keyup search', function() {

				app.searchSnippet( this );
			} );
		},

		/**
		 * POST to an admin-ajax action with the nonce attached.
		 *
		 * @since 4.9.0
		 *
		 * @param {string} action admin-ajax action name.
		 * @param {object} extra  Action-specific fields merged into the request.
		 *
		 * @returns {object} The jQuery jqXHR promise.
		 */
		post: function( action, extra ) {

			var data = $.extend( {
				action: action,
				nonce: window.wp_mail_smtp.nonce,
			}, extra || {} );

			return $.post( window.wp_mail_smtp.ajax_url, data );
		},

		/**
		 * Enter the installing state: hide the badge/label and overlay a spinner
		 * on the button (CSS keeps the button width).
		 *
		 * @since 4.9.0
		 *
		 * @param {object} $label  Badge or "installing" label element.
		 * @param {object} $button Action button element.
		 */
		setInstalling: function( $label, $button ) {

			$label.addClass( 'wp-mail-smtp-wpcode-installing-in-progress' ).text( window.wp_mail_smtp_code_snippets.installing_text );
			$button.addClass( 'wp-mail-smtp-btn-loading' );
		},

		/**
		 * Leave the installing state (used when a flow fails and the UI stays put).
		 *
		 * @since 4.9.0
		 *
		 * @param {object} $label  Badge or "installing" label element.
		 * @param {object} $button Action button element.
		 */
		clearInstalling: function( $label, $button ) {

			$label.removeClass( 'wp-mail-smtp-wpcode-installing-in-progress' ).text( '' );
			$button.removeClass( 'wp-mail-smtp-btn-loading' );
		},

		/**
		 * Filter the snippet grid against the search field value.
		 *
		 * @since 4.9.0
		 *
		 * @param {object} searchField The search field HTML element.
		 */
		searchSnippet: function( searchField ) {

			var searchTerm = $( searchField ).val();
			var searchResults = app.snippetSearch.search( searchTerm );
			var $noResults = $( '#wp-mail-smtp-wpcode-no-results' );

			if ( searchResults.length === 0 ) {
				$noResults.show();
			} else {
				$noResults.hide();
			}
		},

		/**
		 * Active-state "Install Snippet": show an installing state, then let the
		 * link navigate to WPCode's install screen (perceived-load only, no AJAX).
		 *
		 * @since 4.9.0
		 */
		installSnippet: function() {

			var $button = $( this );

			// Edit is a plain navigation to the WPCode edit screen; no JS needed.
			if ( $button.data( 'action' ) === 'edit' ) {
				return;
			}

			app.setInstalling(
				$button.closest( '.wp-mail-smtp-wpcode-snippet' ).find( '.wp-mail-smtp-wpcode-snippet-badge' ),
				$button
			);
		},

		/**
		 * Card "Install Snippet" when WPCode is installed but inactive: activate
		 * WPCode, then navigate to the snippet's install URL. On activation
		 * failure, show the activation popup.
		 *
		 * @since 4.9.0
		 *
		 * @param {object} event The click event.
		 */
		onActivatePluginClick: function( event ) {

			event.preventDefault();

			var $button = $( this );
			var $badge = $button.closest( '.wp-mail-smtp-wpcode-snippet' ).find( '.wp-mail-smtp-wpcode-snippet-badge' );

			app.setInstalling( $badge, $button );

			app.activatePluginThenInstallSnippet( $button.data( 'library-id' ), $button.data( 'plugin' ), function() {

				app.clearInstalling( $badge, $button );
				app.showManualActivationPluginPopup();
			} );
		},

		/**
		 * Activate WPCode via AJAX, then resolve the snippet's install URL via a
		 * second AJAX request and navigate there. If activation fails, run the
		 * provided callback; if only the URL lookup fails, reload so the tab
		 * re-renders in its active state.
		 *
		 * @since 4.9.0
		 *
		 * @param {number}   libraryId      The snippet library id.
		 * @param {string}   plugin         WPCode plugin path.
		 * @param {Function} onActivateFail Called when activation fails.
		 */
		activatePluginThenInstallSnippet: function( libraryId, plugin, onActivateFail ) {

			app.post( 'wp_mail_smtp_ajax', { task: 'about_plugin_activate', plugin: plugin } )
				.done( function( response ) {

					if ( ! response || ! response.success ) {
						onActivateFail();
						return;
					}

					app.navigateToSnippetInstall( libraryId );
				} )
				.fail( function() {

					onActivateFail();
				} );
		},

		/**
		 * Resolve a snippet's WPCode install URL (now that WPCode is active) via
		 * AJAX and navigate to it. Falls back to a reload if the URL can't be
		 * resolved, so the tab still re-renders in its active state.
		 *
		 * @since 4.9.0
		 *
		 * @param {number} libraryId The snippet library id.
		 */
		navigateToSnippetInstall: function( libraryId ) {

			var extra = {};
			extra['library_id'] = libraryId; // eslint-disable-line dot-notation

			app.post( 'wp_mail_smtp_get_wpcode_snippet_install_url', extra )
				.done( function( response ) {

					if ( response && response.success && response.data && response.data.install_url ) {
						window.location.href = response.data.install_url;
						return;
					}

					window.location.reload();
				} )
				.fail( function() {

					window.location.reload();
				} );
		},

		/**
		 * Install and activate WPCode via AJAX. Runs onDone on full success, or
		 * onError('install') if the install failed / errored, or onError('activate')
		 * if WPCode installed but silent activation failed.
		 *
		 * WP returns logical failures with HTTP 200 + success:false, so a failed
		 * install lands in .done (not .fail) and must be checked explicitly.
		 *
		 * @since 4.9.0
		 *
		 * @param {string}   plugin  WPCode download URL.
		 * @param {Function} onDone  Called after a successful install + activation.
		 * @param {Function} onError Called with 'install' or 'activate' on failure.
		 */
		installAndActivatePlugin: function( plugin, onDone, onError ) {

			app.post( 'wp_mail_smtp_ajax', { task: 'about_plugin_install', plugin: plugin } )
				.done( function( response ) {

					if ( ! response || ! response.success ) {
						onError( 'install' );
						return;
					}

					if ( response.data && response.data.is_activated === false ) {
						onError( 'activate' );
						return;
					}

					onDone();
				} )
				.fail( function() {

					onError( 'install' );
				} );
		},

		/**
		 * Show the activate-WPCode popup. Its button forwards to the Plugins page
		 * activation action for the installed WPCode plugin.
		 *
		 * @since 4.9.0
		 */
		showManualActivationPluginPopup: function() {

			var l10n = window.wp_mail_smtp_code_snippets;

			$.confirm( {
				title: l10n.activate_popup_title,
				container: '#wp-mail-smtp',
				boxWidth: '600px',
				useBootstrap: false,
				closeIcon: true,
				draggable: false,
				content: '<p class="wpms:text-secondary">' + l10n.activate_popup_desc + '</p>',
				buttons: {
					activate: {
						text: l10n.activate_popup_btn,
						btnClass: 'btn btn-confirm',
						action: function( button ) {

							button.addClass( 'wp-mail-smtp-btn-loading' );
							window.location.href = l10n.activate_url;

							// Keep the popup open so the loader stays visible during navigation.
							return false;
						},
					},
				},
			} );
		},

		/**
		 * Map a snippet code_type to a CodeMirror mode.
		 *
		 * @since 4.9.0
		 *
		 * @param {string} codeType Snippet code type.
		 *
		 * @returns {string} CodeMirror mode.
		 */
		mapMode: function( codeType ) {

			switch ( codeType ) {
				case 'js':
				case 'javascript':
					return 'javascript';
				case 'css':
					return 'css';
				case 'html':
					return 'htmlmixed';
				default:
					return 'text/x-php';
			}
		},

		/**
		 * Open the read-only code-preview modal for a snippet.
		 *
		 * @since 4.9.0
		 *
		 * @param {object} event The click event.
		 */
		openViewSnippetModal: function( event ) {

			event.preventDefault();

			var $btn       = $( this );
			var libraryId  = $btn.data( 'library-id' );
			var installUrl = $btn.data( 'install-url' );
			var plugin     = $btn.data( 'plugin' );
			var l10n       = window.wp_mail_smtp_code_snippets;

			// $.dialog has no jconfirm button row (whose styles can't be overridden
			// cleanly) — the action button is rendered inside our own content.
			$.dialog( {
				title: l10n.loading_text,
				container: '#wp-mail-smtp',
				boxWidth: '720px',
				useBootstrap: false,
				closeIcon: true,
				draggable: false,
				content: '<div class="wpms:p-md wpms:text-secondary">' + l10n.loading_text + '</div>',
				onContentReady: function() {

					this.$el.addClass( 'wp-mail-smtp-wpcode-dialog' );
					app.loadSnippetCode( this, libraryId, installUrl, plugin );
				},
			} );
		},

		/**
		 * Fetch a snippet's code and render it into an open dialog.
		 *
		 * @since 4.9.0
		 *
		 * @param {object} dialog     The jconfirm dialog instance.
		 * @param {number} libraryId  The snippet library id.
		 * @param {string} installUrl WPCode install URL (active state).
		 * @param {string} plugin     WPCode download URL (inactive state).
		 */
		loadSnippetCode: function( dialog, libraryId, installUrl, plugin ) {

			var l10n  = window.wp_mail_smtp_code_snippets;
			var error = '<div class="wpms:p-md wpms:text-error">' + l10n.error_text + '</div>';
			var extra = {};

			extra['library_id'] = libraryId; // eslint-disable-line dot-notation

			app.post( 'wp_mail_smtp_get_wpcode_snippet_code', extra )
				.done( function( response ) {

					if ( ! response || ! response.success || ! response.data ) {
						dialog.setContent( error );
						return;
					}

					dialog.setTitle( response.data.title );

					var $content   = $( '<div class="wp-mail-smtp-wpcode-modal"></div>' );
					var $codeWrap  = $( '<div class="wp-mail-smtp-wpcode-modal-code"></div>' );
					var $textarea  = $( '<textarea></textarea>' ).val( response.data.code );
					var $footer    = $( '<div class="wp-mail-smtp-wpcode-modal-footer"></div>' );
					var $installing = $( '<span class="wp-mail-smtp-wpcode-modal-installing"></span>' );
					var $action    = $( '<a href="#" class="wp-mail-smtp-btn wp-mail-smtp-btn-md wp-mail-smtp-btn-secondary"></a>' ).text( l10n.install_text );

					$codeWrap.append( $textarea );
					$footer.append( $installing ).append( $action );
					$content.append( $codeWrap ).append( $footer );

					if ( response.data.note ) {
						$content.prepend( $( '<div class="wp-mail-smtp-wpcode-modal-note"></div>' ).text( response.data.note ) );
					}

					dialog.setContent( $content );
					app.initEditor( $textarea[ 0 ], response.data.code_type );
					app.bindModalInstall( dialog, libraryId, installUrl, plugin, $action, $installing );
				} )
				.fail( function() {

					dialog.setContent( error );
				} );
		},

		/**
		 * Wire the preview modal's "Install Snippet" button to the right action for
		 * the current WPCode state (active, installed-inactive, or absent).
		 *
		 * @since 4.9.0
		 *
		 * @param {object} dialog      The jconfirm dialog instance.
		 * @param {number} libraryId   The snippet library id.
		 * @param {string} installUrl  WPCode install URL (active state).
		 * @param {string} plugin      WPCode download URL (WPCode-absent branch).
		 * @param {object} $action     The modal action button.
		 * @param {object} $installing The modal "installing" text element.
		 */
		bindModalInstall: function( dialog, libraryId, installUrl, plugin, $action, $installing ) {

			var l10n = window.wp_mail_smtp_code_snippets;

			$action.on( 'click', function( clickEvent ) {

				clickEvent.preventDefault();

				if ( l10n.wpcode_active ) {
					if ( installUrl ) {
						app.setInstalling( $installing, $action );
						window.location.href = installUrl;
					}
					return;
				}

				// WPCode installed but inactive: activate, then install (mirrors the card button).
				if ( l10n.wpcode_path ) {
					app.setInstalling( $installing, $action );
					app.activatePluginThenInstallSnippet( libraryId, l10n.wpcode_path, function() {

						app.clearInstalling( $installing, $action );
						dialog.close();
						app.showManualActivationPluginPopup();
					} );
					return;
				}

				dialog.close();
				app.showInstallPluginPopup( plugin, libraryId );
			} );
		},

		/**
		 * Initialize CodeMirror on a textarea, with a plain-text fallback.
		 *
		 * @since 4.9.0
		 *
		 * @param {HTMLElement} textarea The textarea element.
		 * @param {string}      codeType Snippet code type.
		 */
		initEditor: function( textarea, codeType ) {

			var l10n = window.wp_mail_smtp_code_snippets;

			if ( ! window.wp || ! window.wp.codeEditor || ! l10n.code_editor ) {

				// Syntax highlighting unavailable (user profile setting): leave the
				// textarea as a plain read-only code box.
				$( textarea ).prop( 'readonly', true );
				return;
			}

			var settings = $.extend( true, {}, l10n.code_editor );

			settings.codemirror = $.extend( {}, settings.codemirror, {
				mode: app.mapMode( codeType ),
				readOnly: true,
				lineNumbers: true,
			} );

			window.wp.codeEditor.initialize( textarea, settings );
		},

		/**
		 * Card "Install Snippet" (WPCode absent): open the install-plugin popup.
		 *
		 * @since 4.9.0
		 *
		 * @param {object} event The click event.
		 */
		openInstallPluginPopup: function( event ) {

			event.preventDefault();
			app.showInstallPluginPopup( $( this ).data( 'plugin' ), $( this ).data( 'library-id' ) );
		},

		/**
		 * Show the install-plugin popup. Its button installs + activates WPCode,
		 * then navigates to the chosen snippet's install URL.
		 *
		 * @since 4.9.0
		 *
		 * @param {string} plugin    WPCode download URL.
		 * @param {number} libraryId The snippet library id.
		 */
		showInstallPluginPopup: function( plugin, libraryId ) {

			var l10n = window.wp_mail_smtp_code_snippets;

			// $.dialog (no jconfirm button row) so the icon row, title, description,
			// CTA, and link render as one centered content block per the design.
			$.dialog( {
				title: '',
				container: '#wp-mail-smtp',
				boxWidth: '550px',
				useBootstrap: false,
				closeIcon: true,
				draggable: false,
				content: app.installPopupHtml( l10n ),

				// The scoped modal styles key off these classes. jQuery-Confirm v3.3.4
				// has no containerClass option, so add them in onOpenBefore: it is the
				// earliest hook where $el exists and it fires before the open animation
				// reveals the box, so the modal paints styled on first render.
				onOpenBefore: function() {

					this.$el.addClass( 'wp-mail-smtp-wpcode-dialog wp-mail-smtp-wpcode-install-dialog' );
				},
				onContentReady: function() {

					var dialog = this;

					dialog.$content.find( '.wp-mail-smtp-wpcode-install-modal-btn' ).on( 'click', function( event ) {

						event.preventDefault();

						var $btn = $( this );

						if ( $btn.hasClass( 'wp-mail-smtp-btn-loading' ) ) {
							return;
						}

						$btn.addClass( 'wp-mail-smtp-btn-loading' );
						dialog.$content.find( '.wp-mail-smtp-wpcode-modal-error' ).remove();

						app.installAndActivatePlugin(
							plugin,
							function() {

								app.navigateToSnippetInstall( libraryId );
							},
							function( reason ) {

								$btn.removeClass( 'wp-mail-smtp-btn-loading' );
								dialog.$content.append( app.modalErrorHtml( reason ) );
							}
						);
					} );
				},
			} );
		},

		/**
		 * Build the install-WPCode popup body: an icon row, a two-line title and
		 * description, the install CTA, and a "learn more" link.
		 *
		 * @since 4.9.0
		 *
		 * @param {object} l10n Localized strings and URLs.
		 *
		 * @returns {string} The popup body markup.
		 */
		installPopupHtml: function( l10n ) {

			return '<div class="wp-mail-smtp-wpcode-install-modal">' +
				'<img class="wp-mail-smtp-wpcode-install-modal-icons" src="' + l10n.install_popup_icon + '" alt="">' +
				'<div class="wp-mail-smtp-wpcode-install-modal-title">' + l10n.install_popup_title + '</div>' +
				'<div class="wp-mail-smtp-wpcode-install-modal-description">' + l10n.install_popup_desc + '</div>' +
				'<button type="button" class="wp-mail-smtp-btn wp-mail-smtp-btn-lg wp-mail-smtp-btn-orange wp-mail-smtp-wpcode-install-modal-btn">' + l10n.install_popup_btn + '</button>' +
				'<a href="' + l10n.learn_more_url + '" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="wp-mail-smtp-wpcode-install-modal-link">' + l10n.learn_more_text + '</a>' +
			'</div>';
		},

		/**
		 * Build the inline error shown in the install/activate confirm dialog on
		 * failure: a message plus a manual-fallback link (activation URL for
		 * activation failures).
		 *
		 * @since 4.9.0
		 *
		 * @param {string} reason 'install' or 'activate'.
		 *
		 * @returns {object} jQuery element for the error paragraph.
		 */
		modalErrorHtml: function( reason ) {

			var l10n = window.wp_mail_smtp_code_snippets;
			var $error = $( '<p class="wp-mail-smtp-wpcode-modal-error"></p>' );

			// Install failure: message only. A plugin-directory search link is
			// fragile (it can surface the wrong plugin), so we don't offer one.
			if ( reason !== 'activate' ) {
				return $error.text( l10n.install_error_text );
			}

			// Activation failure: WPCode is installed, so link to its exact
			// activation URL.
			return $error
				.text( l10n.activate_error_text + ' ' )
				.append(
					$( '<a></a>' )
						.attr( 'href', l10n.lite_activate_url )
						.text( l10n.activate_manual_link )
				);
		},

		/**
		 * Fallback overlay button: install (or activate) WPCode directly, then
		 * reload so the tab re-renders with live snippet data.
		 *
		 * @since 4.9.0
		 *
		 * @param {object} event The click event.
		 */
		onFallbackInstallClick: function( event ) {

			if ( event && typeof event.preventDefault === 'function' ) {
				event.preventDefault();
			}

			var $btn = $( this );

			if ( $btn.hasClass( 'disabled' ) ) {
				return;
			}

			// Lock the width, hide the label, and disable while the request runs.
			$btn.width( $btn.width() ).text( '' ).addClass( 'disabled' );

			var task = $btn.data( 'action' ) === 'activate' ? 'about_plugin_activate' : 'about_plugin_install';

			app.post( 'wp_mail_smtp_ajax', { task: task, plugin: $btn.data( 'plugin' ) } )
				.done( function() {

					window.location.reload();
				} );
		},
	};

	return app;
}( document, window, jQuery ) );

WPMailSMTP.Admin.CodeSnippets.init();
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	<title>property rights &#8211; Oleg V. Pavlov</title>
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		<category><![CDATA[mafia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[property rights]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.olegpavlov.org/?p=323</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[During the nineteenth century, Sicily underwent a series of political and land reforms that led to dismantling of large land ownership and culminated in the unification with the Italian state in 1861. But the new Italian government was ineffective at enforcing the rule of law on the island. Banditry and a general sense of lawlessness [&#8230;]]]></description>
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<p>During the nineteenth century, Sicily underwent a series of political and land reforms that led to dismantling of large land ownership and culminated in the unification with the Italian state in 1861. But the new Italian government was ineffective at enforcing the rule of law on the island. Banditry and a general sense of lawlessness proliferated. In that environment, the mafia emerged as a private response to the inadequate protection by the state. The mafia offered private protection from bandits to landowners who could not rely on protection and enforcement of property rights by the state. The mafia, however, was not equally active on the entire island. This study uses economic principles to explain the emergence of the mafia in wealthier regions and its absence in the poorer districts despite the greater levels of banditry. We develop a feedback model that incorporates causal relationships between the mafia’s activities, predation, law enforcement, and the profitability of the local businesses. Using computational experiments, we explore how various factors impact the mafia’s activities.</p>



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<div class="wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile" style="grid-template-columns:70% auto"><figure class="wp-block-media-text__media"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="2560" height="1803" src="http://www.olegpavlov.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Fig-6.1-2-scaled.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-354 size-full" srcset="http://www.olegpavlov.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Fig-6.1-2-scaled.jpg 2560w, http://www.olegpavlov.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Fig-6.1-2-300x211.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px" /></figure><div class="wp-block-media-text__content">
<p class="has-normal-font-size"><strong>The feedback model</strong>. Rectangles are state variables Peasants, Bandits and Mafia. If the economy is bad, some peasants turn to banditry; the mafia members are recruited from among the bandits. Arrows indicate causal relationships between variables. If an arrow is positive, the relationship between the cause and effect is positive. A negative arrow implies that an increase in one variable causes a decline in the other variable. Circular causal links form reinforcing and balancing feedback loops. A reinforcing loop is shown with the letter R and a balancing loop is shown with the letter B.</p>
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<p><strong>Publication</strong></p>



<p>Pavlov, O. and J. Sardell. “<a rel="noreferrer noopener" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-67190-7_6" target="_blank">Economic Origins of the Sicilian Mafia: A Simulation Feedback Model</a>.” In: Cavana, R.Y, B.C. Dangerfield , O.V. Pavlov, M.J. Radzicki and I.D. Wheat (Eds). Feedback Economics: Economic Modeling with System Dynamics. New York: Springer. 2021: 137-161. <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3901504" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Pre-print</a> on SSRN.</p>



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